Human Variations and Race

The one environmental stressor I am going to discuss is HEAT.  In a hot environment, heat causes food to obtain bacteria faster, which will spoil the food that is needed for survival.  In addition, the populations in a hot environment tend to have longer limbs or appendages that help them release heat faster to keep the body cool through evaporative cooling. Heat can be fatal if the core temperature of a human body reaches above 105 degrees Fahrenheit.  This is called hyperthermia.

Humans have adapted to heat stress in four different ways:

Short-term adaptation is how the body cools itself through evaporative cooling and by drinking fluids like water to help replenish the water lost from perspiration.

Facultative adaptation is the body size or                                                       an individual or weight.

Developmental adaptation is how the legs, arms and other appendages grow longer in hotter climates

 
 Cultural adaptation would be the use of the air conditioner or spices to help slow down the spread of bacteria

The benefits of studying human variation are beneficial to understand how the body reacts to different environmental stressors.  This type of study leads to advances in technology that assists humans to be able to adjust to these types of environments.  Before the invention of the air conditioner, individuals in the United States did not live in the deserts of Arizona or the plains in Texas in big numbers.  If studies were only done in one type of environment, how do we know why populations in extreme heat are taller and thinner than individuals in colder climates or the why there is more of a population in certain environments.  This information can be used to know what type of materials to use when building shelter. 

I would use race to understand why individuals migrated to other parts of the world.  Environmental influences is a better way to understand human variation because race does not have a genetic basis or a characteristic, trait or gene to distinguish individuals between races.

Language Experiment

Part 1 – Mr. Silent

I found this part of the experiment easy.  The reason is that there was more than one person, so they did most of the conversing and I really did not have to do much. At first, they would ask me questions or for my opinion and I would just laugh and makes gestures and some facial expressions.  After a while, they started to get frustrated and would leave me out of the conversation.  They came back around and started to make conversation that required less complex responses, so I did not feel left out. I believe if it were just one other person that it would have been a more difficult in the sense that trying to communicate with that one person would bring more challenges.  Those challenges would be if that other individual would understand my non-verbal gestures to be able to continue the conversation or just get frustrated and walk away as my partners did. The culture that has the advantage would be the one that has spoken language to communicate complex ideas.  We live in a complex society that has television, computers, and sports and many other activities that require the use of many words to communicate these ideas about what we do in life.  If we had lived in the Neanderthal era, communication without language would be easier, since the only thing we would had to worry about was food and shelter.  The speaking culture’s attitude would be of power because they will be able to communicate with more ease and are easier to understand.  I say this because when I was not able to communicate I felt powerless where I could not get my point across by using non-verbal communication. Individuals in our culture that have trouble communicating would be those that speak a different or foreign language. The affects would be about the same as in this experiment. The individual that speaks the foreign language would have difficulty and would not try to interact with others that speak English. That individual would live in a community that speaks his or her language, so the interaction would not be so frustrating.

Part 2 – Mr. No Embellishments

I was only able to last a few minutes of only using speech for communicating. This was difficult for me because I use a lot of facial expression and hand movements when I talk.  You pretty much have to be a robot, since they are motionless and talk in a monotone voice.  My partners were greatly affected because they are used to me having more vocal intonation and using hand gestures and facial expressions.  They could not tell if I was being serious or had any emotion and said, “It seemed like we were talking to a brick wall.”  The use of sign says a lot about the way we use our language and is very important to communicate non-speech language to communicate effectively. Without this technique, this world would be dull that everyone would be monotonous and emotionless.  Imagine nobody laughing or getting excited about something that just happened.  I think that everyone has a certain degree of difficulty reading body language.  You have to know the individual to read their body language correctly because there is not one definition for a type of body movement and everyone reacts differently. The adaptive benefit would be that the individual would fit into any type of crowd and be able to communicate effectively. In a chemical environment would be a benefit to not reading body language, for the fact that most of the body language means that the individual is near death.   

Piltdown Hoax

The Piltdown Man was discovered in 1912 by Charles Dawson on a gravel road in Piltdown, England.  This had a big impact on the scientific community, especially in England because no fossils have ever been found there.  To the English it finally meant that they also had ancient human fossils like all the other great countries. It looked like they might have discovered the oldest human ancestors of that time. The Piltdown Hoax was not known until 1949 when two scientists were able to get a hold of the Piltdown Man bones. With new methods of determining the age of fossils were developed is when they discovered that the bones were actually more recent than they had previously been calculated. The bones were stained with bichromate in order to make them appear aged. The canine tooth was found to have been filed down and stained to show that it was human and aged. Some scientist would question the many bones that were missing or how the bones did not match to one another (the jaw to the skull).

                The human faults that come into this scenario is that no one wanted to question the findings. Many scientist were suspicious about the findings, but no one would come out and question them. Being ambitious, because some people will do anything to get what they want even if it is morally wrong. Also, the excitement of a new discovery, but with this it did not get a wide range of study.  Not having the right equipment or methods to accurately date a specific find.  It made scientist more aware and to question any findings and not let there emotions get in the way of the scientific process. It also led scientist to come up with better methods of dating their findings.

                The positive aspects of the scientific process came when scientist were able to do a thorough analysis of the Piltdown fossils.  A new technology was developed to age their findings.  It was called the fluoride test, which measured the fluoride content of the fossils, scientist could roughly date them.  Upon looking at the jawbone through a microscope, it was found that the teeth have been filed down flat to look human.  Also discovered was that the fossils were stained.

                It is not possible to remove the human factor from science. With new technologies developing everyday and this hoax to look back on will help reduce the chances of this error from happening again.  I would not want to remove the human factor from science.  We as humans are not perfect, but we are aware of frauds and will always be vulnerable to them.  We just have to do a little bit of more work to prove that what we have discovered is true.  That is what makes science.  As long as you go through the scientific method to see if it is falsifiable, their should not be any problem.

                The life lesson that any one can take from this historical event is to not believe everything you see or hear and do not be so quick to judge.  Do your own research after getting the information to see if what you saw or heard was actually true.  You can ask other people that are subject matter experts or go to a library and do some research from verified sources. Do not just look at one sources, but many to see if they do not conflict with each other.   

               

COMPARATIVE PRIMATES

DIET

Lemurs (Prosimians/Strepsirhini)

Lemurs are only found on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands that is located on the eastern coast of Africa. Madagascar at one time was covered with forest, but up to 80 percent has been destroyed. Most lemurs live in trees, which make them arboreal, meaning that they have adapted to living in trees. They spend most of their time at the top of the rainforest canopy or in the forest midlevel. An exception is the ring-tailed lemur, which spends most of its time on the ground. The climate of Madagascar is tropical, with a rainy season lasting from December until April and a dry season from May to November. The island's terrain is extremely diverse, ranging from coastal beaches and lagoons to mountains, rivers, grasslands, and desert.

Lemurs usually have a vegetarian diet, consisting of leaves and fruit, although they will occasionally eat insects or smaller animals.

                                                              

Lemurs play an important role in the ecology of Madagascar and the Comoros Islands, because they disperse seeds from the fruit they eat. These seeds can then grow into new plants, which is important because the forests of Madagascar are being destroyed at a very high rate.  Although the lemurs themselves help to disperse seeds for new plants, they cannot keep up with the people that cut the forests down. Lemur populations are also hurt by hunting. However, all types of lemurs are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which makes it illegal to hunt or capture lemurs for trade, except for scientific research, and to breed in zoos. These laws are well enforced, and the lemur has been a focus of conservation efforts even though lemurs are no longer being hunted as much as in the past, deforestation is still threatening their survival.

Spider Monkey (New World Monkeys/Platyrrhini)

Spider monkeys are generally found in lowland rain forests from Mexico to South America, along the coasts and the banks of the Amazon, and the mountain forest slopes of the Andes. Spider monkeys live in evergreen rainforests, lowland rainforests to mountain forests. In these forests, they prefer it be wet than dry, live mostly in the upper canopy, undisturbed high forest, and almost never come to the ground.  These types of monkeys are arboreal. 

Spider monkeys are primarily frugivorous, preferring a diet of 90% fruit and seeds and feed on a wide variety of fruits in which the seeds are swallowed along with the fruit. They also eat young leaves, flowers, aerial roots, sometimes bark and decaying wood, as well as honey.  A very small part of the diet consists of insects, insect larvae and birds’ eggs. They do not pick fruit and carry it to another location to be eaten.  They usually eat while suspended and can pick fruit with their tails.

                                                     

They usually feed in groups sometimes up to 100 monkeys and are found in a big tree loaded with fruits. When they feed in a large tree, spider monkeys continuously adjust their positions so they are not too close to one another.  Spider monkeys can be quarrelsome feeders if they are too close to one another.  During those months of the year when they have to depend on small, scattered sources of fruit, such as from palm trees, lone individuals and smaller aggregations are found moving through the forest. Thus, they avoid quarrelling at food sources with only enough ripe fruit at any one time to feed a few monkeys.

Baboon (Old World Monkey/Cercopithecidae)

Baboons live mostly in the African woodland savanna, and highland grasslands. They never wander far from trees, or a source of water. Baboons are some of the world's largest monkeys, and males of different species average from 33 to 82 pounds (15 to 37 kilograms). Baboon bodies are 20 to 40 inches (60 to 102 centimeters) long, not including substantial tails of varying lengths. Baboons are not like other monkeys in that they don’t live in trees and spend most of their time on the ground.  The only times they go into the trees is to escape predators, play or to get food.

Baboons are omnivorous which means that they eat fruits and meats. They eat fruits, grasses, seeds, bark, and roots, and have a taste for meat. They eat birds, rodents, and even the young of larger mammals, such as antelopes and sheep. Since they are on the ground, they tend to eat crops.  Having this type of diet, they can survive on the ground and not have to only rely on fruits and leaves like other monkeys. 

Gibbon (Lesser Ape/Hylobatidae)

Gibbons are small apes that live in the wild in the tropical and subtropical rainforests of Southeast, South, and East Asia. They are currently found in small populations in China, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Bangladesh, NE India, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Indonesia.  Gibbons are arboreal apes that live in the trees. 

Gibbons are also omnivores (eating plants and meat). They look for food in the forests during the day, eating fruit (which makes up about 75% of their diet), leaves, flowers, seeds, tree bark, and tender plant shoots. They also eat insects, spiders, bird eggs, and small birds. Gibbons drink water by dipping a furry hand into the water or rubbing a hand on wet leaves, and then slurping up the water from their fur. Gibbons sometimes do this while dangling above the water from a thin tree branch. 

Chimpanzees (Great Ape/Hominidae)

Chimpanzees are our closest living relatives, sharing more than 98 percent of our genetic blueprint.  Humans and chimpanzees are also thought to share a common ancestor who lived some four to eight million years ago.  Chimpanzees live in African rain forests, woodlands, and grasslands. They tend to spend more time in the trees swinging from branch to branch and do m most of their eating. Chimpanzees usually sleep in the trees as well, employing nests of leaves.

Chimpanzees are generally fruit and plant eaters or frugivors, but they also consume insects, eggs, and meat, including carrion. They have a tremendously varied diet that includes hundreds of known foods. Chimpanzees are one of the few animal species that employ tools. They shape and use sticks to retrieve insects from their nests or dig grubs out of logs. They also use stones to smash open tasty nuts and employ leaves as sponges to soak up drinking water.  

According to my findings on all five primates, a majority were arboreal and had diets of fruits, leaves, and insects. Only a few were omnivorous that had a diet of fruits and meats. All five of their environments were being taken away by humans for logging or crops.  Many of these primates are on the endangered list because of these activities.  Their habits are being dwindled and they have no room to grow or find a source of food.  In some areas they are even hunted because the human population has taken over their habitats.